Friday, June 24, 2011

Offshore oil and gas

plateforme offshore pétrole 

Definition and Categories

The term "offshore" means "far from the coast" in English. Exploitation of hydrocarbons, oil and / or gas , is called "offshore" when in the open sea and is operated from platforms, fixed or floating anchored to the seabed
 
Platform supports the devices required for various phases of drilling and extraction of hydrocarbons and sometimes equipment to ensure a human presence on board. Some platforms also help transform the oil extracts so they are easier to carry. Moreover, it is possible to store them temporarily on floating units.
 
Technical or scientific operation

The process to exploit hydrocarbon deposits involves several sequential steps.
 
Earthquake Research deposits
One or more seismic vessels pull behind a series of air guns. They unload suddenly compressed air at high pressure in the marine environment in order to cause a seismic wave propagating into the subsoil. Depending on the type of rock encountered, these waves are more or less thought out and back faster or slower surface. These echoes are then detected by ultrasensitive microphones most often learned, too, by the seismic vessel.Computer processing can render a synthetic image in three dimensions distinguishing the different forms but also the geological nature of rocks, their porosity or fluids they contain.
 
The exploration phase
When a deposit is found, engineers use a floating platform. Usually equipped with a derrick (tower supporting the drilling of an oil well) and a drill bit (drill bit cone to break rocks), it is used to perform the drill floor Marine. It checks if there is enough oil in the tank to begin its operation. To control the pressure, is injected into the drilling rig by a "mud" dense that also trace the debris on the surface and cool the drill bit. After several weeks, the valves are adjusted wellhead and the floating platform is towed by vessels on another website. If the deposit is considered viable, a production platform or exploitation is built on land and towed to the site.
 
The exploitation phase
The tubes or hoses to go back to oil wells are connected to. A series of valves and gauges (instrument for measuring pressure) is then used to refine more precisely the desired flows.After several years of operation, the pressure starts to decline in the well. We then introduce another fluid under pressure in a well device. This liquid, often water, has a role to push the remaining oil up and allow to complete the operation.
 
The BOP (BOP wells) is a set of valves placed on the head of a wellbore. It is the security instrument allowing plug the well in case of extreme pressure from the reservoir to prevent leakage of oil.
 
Issues in relation to energy
If offshore presents a major potential, it is nevertheless exposed to significant issues in terms of cost and safety.
 
An oil carrier
In 2008, globally, it is estimated that 1 / 5th of oil reserves and over 40% of gas reserves from the seabed. In 2008, the French Oil Institute (IFP) said that offshore oil exploitation has provided 30% of global oil production and 27% of world gas production. Offshore is one of the few areas of access to new reserves of hydrocarbons with the exception of Canada's oil sands or shale gas Americans. Terrestrial reserves are mostly operated by national companies producing states like Saudi Arabia, Russia or Mexico. So in areas offshore that oil companies have achieved most of their major discoveries.
 
Technical and financial constraints
Drilling, it is operated using ships, fixed or mobile platforms, costs several times (3-4 times) the price of more expensive drilling on land. Generally, operation offshore is more expensive, partly because the deep sea exploration, but also complicates the operation of wells drilled.
 
Major players
Technology investments needed to exploit offshore remaining particularly expensive, only the majors (Total, Chevron, Exxon Mobil, Shell and BP) share the market among private companies.
 
However, they must now deal more with domestic companies producing countries such as Petrobras in Brazil. These companies, however, often depend on technology majors.
 
According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, the national companies in 2007 controlled 52% of production and 88% of proven offshore resources.
 
Measurement Units and key figures

The share of the production of marine origin in the total world production of oil, which accounted for 10% (110 Mt) in 1960 rose to 30% in 2008 (1) .
In 2008, offshore operations provided 30% of global oil production and 27% of world gas production from the French Petroleum Institute (IFP).
The seabed to contain more than 70 million km2 of sedimentary basins with at least 30 million km 2 in more than 50 m of water.
The evolution of operating depths has been a gradual
 
  • depth of 300 meters (considered deepwater) was achieved with the Cognac field in the Gulf of Mexico In 1979;
  • depth of 1000 meters was completed in Brazil in the field south of Marlin in 1994;
  • depth of 2000 meters was reached in the Gulf of Mexico Canyon Express project with the scope Aconcagua 2002;
  • depth of 2200 meters was reached in offshore Brazil with the Tupi field in 2007.
Attendance area or application
Currently, there are oil exploration in the following regions:
  • North Sea, located in Great Britain, Norway, Netherlands, Denmark;
  • Persian Gulf;
  • Gulf of Guinea such as Gabon and Nigeria; China Sea in the territorial waters of Vietnam, Malaysia and China;
  • Mediterranean Sea, mainly off the coasts of North Africa;
  • Caspian Sea;
  • Coast of Brazil, whose huge Tupi field discovered in 2007;
  • Gulf of Mexico along the U.S. coasts and in the Bay of Campeche (Mexico);
  • Northwest coast and south-eastern Australia;
  • Coast of Malaysia, Brunei and parts of the Indonesian archipelago;
  • Canadian Atlantic coast, off Newfoundland (Hibernia, White Rose).
Past and present
In the aftermath of the Second World War, drilling in waters have increased more or less deep. In 1947, the first field began operation in the Gulf of Mexico. In 1973, the first oil shock has really boosted the offshore oil industry and many platforms have come into operation in the North Sea. Oil extracted in the seabed have become an alternative to dependence on Middle East.
 
This strategy proved successful, as it has uncovered many concerns, including the two largest fields discovered over the last twenty years, all categories: the Kashagan deposit, in the territorial waters of Kazakhstan Caspian Sea and, more recently, as Tupi, in the Santos Basin offshore Brazil.
 
Future
A compelling alternative
Despite the bad image caused by human or environmental accidents such as that of the platform "Deep Water, Horizon, offshore oil development seems inevitable. Representing nearly a fifth of oil reserves and 40% of gas reserves , offshore fields have become a necessity to meet global energy needs.
 
Security issues could change all that
Security issues are at the heart of development strategies offshore. Indeed the major accidents are often followed by human or environmental consequences very important. The crash of the Piper Alpha platform (explosion in 1988) has killed 167 people. The oil rig "Deep Water Horizon" suffered a violent explosion in the spring of 2010 leaving escape 5000 barrels per day, or 800,000 m 3 of oil. Well aware that what happened to one could happen to other players, oil companies and oil services are all impacted by the accident. This often results in the strengthening of security procedures and therefore the rising costs of operation.
 
Did you know?
The smallest country in the world is not the Vatican but the Principality of Sealand is located at sea about 10 miles from British shores. He is a former UK platform abandoned and located in territorial waters. In 1967, the era of pirate radio, a man named Roy Bates took over this island and declared as an independent nation with its own currency, flag and anthem. Issuing passports of many for several years, the Principality of Sealand illustrates the possibilities offered schedules the conversion of an oil platform. The website The Piracy Bay follower of the exchange of files uploaded recently in 2007 indeed tried to buy the island to set up its headquarters and take advantage of more flexible legislation.

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Thursday, June 23, 2011

Ratio of water to oil (OWR)

Oil / water ratio Is A number Representing The fraction of liquid oil basis and Water in the mud. In general, It Is a Relationship Between The percent oil in The Liquid Phase And The percent water in liquid phase.

 

 

The Number Can Be Determined by autoclaving samples of mud.

 

We Can OWR calculate this equation as per below :

 

Percent oil in liquid phase = 100x % by vol ÷ of oil (% by vol of oil +% by vol of water )

 

Percent water in liquid phase = 100x % by vol of water ÷ (% by vol of oil +% by vol of water )

 

Can you learn more about oil water ratio (LWR) calculation from drillingformulas.com > Calculate Water Oil Ratio

 

This figure is very vital Because it tells us How Much Water in the mud . If You Have Deviated from excessive water mud WAS specification , You Will Have Problems SEVERAL face with high PV , YP high , high pressure pumping , fluid bad property loss ,etc. . Because Water in the oil base mud Will act like solids . What's more, as you know water and oil are not compatible with each other so when water is added into the system ,you must add emulsifiers to maintain a solid emulsion in the mud .

 

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Advantages of oil-based mud

mud is oil based drilling mud which has oil as the external phase. mud is oil based invert emulsion because the external phase is oil and the internal phase is water. Water oil ratio range of 50% oil: water 50% oil 95% to 5% water. Currently, many operators prefer to use oil-based mud instead of water based mud .

 

 

You may wonder why the oil companies nowadays many use this type of mud.Regardless, I summarize it for you.


• The oil-based mud is good for the environment at high temperature, because the base fluid is oil.

• It is good for drilling in the shale formation, because it does not react with clay formation leading to an unstable shale.

• It usually creates sludge cake cutting. It's really good because you can reduce the risk for pipe stalemate.

• It can be treated and reused. Through the mud for long term may reduce the overall cost of drilling muds.

• Base oil as the external phase is so good lubricant significantly reduce drilling torque.

• It is good to use in some areas where you're faced with the problem hydrate such as drilling in deep water.

• Generally, when drilling mud base oil dipstick hole can be easily achieved.

 

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Wednesday, June 22, 2011

The disadvantages of oil based mud

As you know there are several companies using oil-based mud for drilling in many parts of the world. Even if the mud system has several advantages over water base mud, it still has some drawbacks that you should consider before using it.

 

 

The disadvantages of oil based mud are:


The environmental concern - the oil-based mud is considered a toxic waste can not be eliminated directly in the ground, river, or ocean. You really need to take special precautions when using it. Many governments do not allow the oil companies that do not have proper waste management during the drilling mud oil based.

 

People Heath - This mud has dangerous fumes causing health problem for staff working with her, both short and long term. In addition, staff required for the proper use of PPE and crew protection in order to handle because of the mud-based oil can irritate the skin of the worker.

 

Cost - The cost of the system sludge is higher than the water based mud in terms of cost per barrel.

 

detection of gas blow - Blow gas is very difficult to identify because the gas is soluble in oil. You can take off, but you will be able to see an increase in the gain of pits or debit the first time. When the gas is suddenly moved up because of traffic, you'll suddenly gain pit, and increase the flow due to gas expansion.

 

Clean - It's pretty hard to keep equipment clean during the drilling mud oil based. Staff need to take more time and effort to clean the area where the mud is oil based.

 

Equipment - Rubber parts is easily degraded by the base oil. Therefore, staff should be checked regularly rubber parts exposed to the mud that the rubber hoses, expansion joints, etc..

 

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Base fluid oil-based mud

Before going into details of oil-based mud , the first thing that needs to discuss is the base fluid in oil-based mud. The base fluid is the continuous phase of oil, the main component of the system emulsion drilling mud around. In general, the base fluid will not react with the clay so you can not cope with the problem of swelling clay. With this advantage, many companies like to use oil-based mud as it is very good for drilling in the shale formation.

 

Today, there are several base fluids used in the drilling industry such as mineral oil, synthetic oil and diesel . I go to the details of each base fluid in future issues. Criteria on how to select appropriate base fluids are based on these criteria: economic performance drilling, rules and regulations of each area, and accessibility. Since the base fluids are toxic, many parts of the world will not allow the use because of environmental concerns. Some countries allow the use of oil based mud, so oil companies have a good waste management plan such as zero discharge,, disposal plan, etc. while operating the drilling operation. In addition, some areas may allow operators to fulfill some oil on the reduction in the ocean.You must respect the rules and regulations of each zone.

 

Before going into details of each base fluid, I want to describe the basic properties of fluid that you should consider when selecting the base fluid to your oil-based mud.

 

To the point - is the temperature that each liquid stops flowing. Ideally, the fluid must have a good basic low pour point as much as possible. Typically, if your state of drilling is not cold, you will not face this issue. However, if you drill where the climate is very cold in Alaska, Russia, etc., you must be very careful with regard to sink. Another condition drilling you have to look carefully at the pour point of the base fluid in operating in deep waters where the well temperature is very cold.

 

Viscosity - Simply put, it is an internal resistance of the fluid flow. The higher the viscosity of base fluid is, the more pressure is needed to move it. You must select the base fluid viscosity low as it can be.

 

Flashpoint - the temperature is that the base fluid may vaporize to form a mixture ignited in the atmosphere. For safe operation, the flash point should be higher than the maximum temperature under a flow line.

 

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Tuesday, June 21, 2011

Diesel fuel as the base fluid oil-based mud

Diesel oil has been widely used as a base fluid for oil based mud in the past because it is cheap. However, currently the use of IT has diminished since it is not environmentally friendly. There are toxic aromatic compounds, nitrogen, and sulfur have very bad impact on the environment. In addition, the aromatic compounds in diesel fuel take very long to biodegrade. As far as I know, many places in the world Committee fluid based diesel.

 

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Mineral oil base fluid oil-based mud

In the previous post, we discuss the base fluid as diesel oil-based mud but there are several drawbacks to using it. Therefore, some operators choose to use mineral oilinstead.

Mineral oil or liquid petroleum gas is a byproduct of the distillation of petroleum to produce gasoline vehicle. It contains a lower concentration of nitrogen and aromatics than diesel.The mineral oil consists of several types of paraffin as straight-chain type, branched and cycloparaffin type.

From a performance stand drilling, many places around the world have shown that mineral oil has better performance drilling fluid based diesel . However, mineral oil biodegradation was very slow because of its branched and cyclic molecules.

 

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Monday, June 20, 2011

Synthetic oil as base fluid oil-based mud

Previous topics on the base fluid ( diesel oil and mineral oil ), you know they are generated by the distillation of crude oil. Both of them still have a very long time to biodegrade and Leave some environmental issues . For this reason, synthetic oil, which is generated by purifying chemicals are mainly used in many parts of the world. oil-based mud that has the synthetic base fluid carries the same performance as mineral oil or a diesel system.

 

What are the advantages of using the synthesis system?

 


Biodegradability : The synthesis was less toxic and more biodegradable than the system of petroleum oil. In addition, it will biodegrade in aerobic and anaerobic conditions and ply less danger to people.

 

The rule and regulations: In some countries, they allow the unloading of the cuttings with a certain amount of oil on the cut because it is less harmful to the environment.

 

What are the disadvantages of using the synthesis system?

 

Price synthesis is higher than mineral oil and diesel. Sometimes, you can see almost double your bill if you use this mud system. However, you need to look from several angles, not only costs only wise.

 

Currently, there are several types of synthetic oil on the market. Each has its own chemical composition and it may be appropriate for certain drilling applications. I have some, but it would be better if you contact your company to give you mud chemical properties.

 

The following chemicals normally used as the base fluid are esters, linear paraffin, linear alpha olephins, and internal olefins.

 

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Gas Solubility in oil based mud

Because of gas solubility in oil based mud , how to detect shot while drilling to the oil-based mud is so difficult. The gas is soluble in oil based mud and you have to barely see it when gas hit the bottom. Based on my experience, I used to control flow 30 minutes, and I have not seen increasingly in the trip tank. The property looked like static. Then I turned on the pumps to circulate mud and after a few hundred Stokes pumps, oil-based mud was blown onto the turntable. Then I close the well and checked everything, and I finally got the kick in my wellbore.

 

 

There is little degree of solubility factors listed below:


• Wellbore temperature

• The pressure in the well

• Type of base fluid used to make mud

• Chemical composition of gas formation

 

As I said before, even if you take one small volume of gas flow, and you will almost never see . The bad thing is that it will expand rapidly when the gas reaches its bubble point.Sometimes you can see on the surface (breath on the rotary table). The kick more gas you have, the worsening situation, you see, because once the gas expands, the full hydrostatic pressure in the wellbore will be reduced. Since the primary control and is weakened, you may need to take a new influx into the well. What's more, you can end up having an uncontrollable flow (blow).

 

It is very important that staff must quickly detect kicks and close the property immediately. To make effective detection kick, drilling teams must be prepared to detect small kick by adjusting the alarm levels for wells and flow alarm show. In addition, you may want to check the flow of interpretation frequently if you see any indication of possible move. Please always remember that no matter what system you are using the mud, the faster you close the wells, the fewer problems you have.

 

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Sunday, June 19, 2011

Special handling procedures for oil-based mud

When staff in the use of oil based mud, they should have more attention to how to handle it because the mud can affect both personal health and the environment.

 

 

Some special procedures that you should consider when handling the oil-based mud.

 

PPE: gloves in hand, respirators, aprons, safety goggles must be worn at all times while working with oil-based mud.

 

Spill concern: ensuring that the platform must have 100% integrity to prevent spills. All rows of mud or oil lines must be inspected frequently.

While working on the drill floor, a vacuum must be used to minimize direct manipulation OBM.

Rubber wiper should be used during the maneuver out of the hole.

All lines and containment must be covered in mud to prevent rain water or accidentally in the system.

Always ensure that online connections, seals, valves or related materials in OBM should be made according to the preventive maintenance requirement. Any ignorance could lead to major incidents.

 

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The logging and oil-based mud

Using mud oil may have an impact logging and you need to set up different connection tools to obtain accurate data. The impacts of oil based mud logging are on invasion of mud, electrical conductivity, density of oil and water salinity.
 

 
First, it is the invasion of mud. invasion oil-based mud will be the effect of resistivity value and can lead to misinterpretation. You need a good logging tool that can read in several feet of the borehole to obtain the exact number of resistivity. Today, several series offering services companies resistivity measurement. This means that a tool can read multiple depth of investigation of a few centimeters to several meters from the wellbore. This is a real benefit to all people understand the invasion of mud, improve accuracy of interpretation of logging, etc.. Tool may cost more money, but it is worthy to invest my opinion. In addition, you should have the sludge that creates sludge cake through good training, because a mud cake prevents formation damage due to invasion of mud.
 
Second, oil-based mud does not conduct electricity so you're not able to use the newspaper to determine Laterolog formation resistivity. Laterolog newspaper has a basic circuit of transmitting and measuring electrodes in which a potential drop in the resistivity measured for rock. It is suitable for conducting drilling fluid as the water-based mud. You must use the logs for induction resistivity values ​​when drilling with oil-based mud.
 
Third, oil-based mud has different density of the fluid and the module so the speed of sound will be different compared to the speed of sound in water based mud. A specialist journal interpreter must ensure that right kind of mud is used for connection of interpretation.
 
Finally, the salinity of water is also an important figure to be taken into consideration while processing the log as it is used to correct the measurement of nuclear particles.

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Saturday, June 18, 2011

Weighting agents for oil-based mud

Today, there are agents available for the weighting based mud oil on the market as indicated below.

 

Barite : Many operators select barite, because it is inexpensive and easy to find in many areas.

 

Calcium carbonate : Calcium carbonate is mainly used for the application of horizontal drilling because the calcium carbonate will not be taken pore throat of the tank and can be removed by acid oxidation.

 

Hematite. : Hematite is used to apply high pressure drilling, because it can weigh up the system very high.

 

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Troubleshooting bad mud mixture of oil based mud

When the mud is not well mixed, you can see that the barite in the mud can easily adjust itself and its electrical stability is very low. In addition, when you look at the mud, it will not look homogenous (grainy dull). Without a good mixture, mud rheology is very thin so you do not have enough PV , YP .

 

 

There are several reasons behind this problem as follows:

• The temperature is cold enough.

• Not enough mixing time to shear the mud. Please remember that the oil based mud requires a shear time.

• contaminants could be accidentally added to the system.

• quality of barite poor.

 

How to solve this problem of mud

• You need to heat the system if necessary.

• You must ensure you shear the mud is not enough. You can see changes in the rheology if you shear the mud for the period of time.

• You may need to add the amount of barite and smaller wetting agent.

Read MoreTroubleshooting bad mud mixture of oil based mud

Troubleshooting rheology high in oil-based mud

You will be able to see that you rheology of the mud is bad when you see the change in trend of plastic viscosity (PV) and yield (YP) .

 

 

 

There are several causes that deteriorate rheology of the mud which are listed below:

 


Water contamination - As you may know that in oil-based mud, water acts as a solid.Once you have contamination of the water, your mud will be thicker.

High solids in the drilling mud - Both because of drilling solids and barite high PV and YP.

Excessive clay - clay in the system reacts chemically with the oil based mud rheology causing high.

contamination of CO2 - CO2 Act in the same way as clay. Plus you have CO2, more difficulty you have with the mud.

How to solve rheology high in oil-based mud

Dilution - You need to keep the solids in the specification thus diluting fluid new base will be lower overall solids content in the lower PV and YP.

Emulsifier - You can consider adding emulsifiers to enhance emulsion mud.

Lime - If you drill into the formation containing CO2, adding an excess of lime (Ca (OH) 2) in the control system of acid gases such as CO2. CO2 and lime will chemically react the following chemical reaction:

Ca (OH) 2 + CO2 -> CaCO3 + H2O

 

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Friday, June 17, 2011

Troubleshooting with low electrical stability (ES) in oil-based mud

 

These include singing show you that you have problems with the electrical stability.

1. Low electrical stability - If you see that ES is less than 700, you should really check your emulsion.

2. There is talk of barite sag. You can just check the weight of your mud on top of the pit and compare the weight of the mud at the bottom of the pit.

3. The drilling mud grainy and dull.

4. You'll see water in a filtrate of paper.

5. Shaker screens are plugged off.

 


Why this happens?

 

There are some issues in the mud emulsion damage as indicated below:

1. Not enough emulsifier

2. rush of water tank

3. Water leakage from the surface equipment in the mud system

4. Exhibits a high concentration of calcium chloride

5. Not enough time to shear of the fresh mud

 

How this is solved?

 

Following these treatments can help to solve this problem.

1. Add a higher concentration of emulsifier

2. Add more lime-oil and water mix well in a basic state. Lime acts as the media to create a good emulsion.

3. Take more time to shear the mud

4. Dilute with water and add emulsifier

5. Add soda to control the chloride content because more of chloride content in the mud, the more difficult to form a good emulsion.

 

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Fountain of solid mud-based oil and how to solve the problem

The perfect oil-based mud in oil wet solids and you do not want your OBM in Water Law .

 

You may have problems with the fountain if you see the following.

• The cuttings from shale shakers are sticky.

• Barite sag

• The screens are connected vibrating screen due to the cut.

• drilling muds grainy and dull (not homogeneous).

• Free water filtrate

• Low electrical stability (ES)

 

Why this happens?

 

There are causes for the fountain of solid :

• There is not enough emulsifier in the system .

• Water Well Drilling kick .

• Water contamination in wells of mud water in the surface lines .

• Calcium chloride contamination

How can we solve this problem ?

• Add some more viscosity agents to improve overall emulsion . You can see an improvement on your mud by testing the electrical stability (ES).

• Add more lime-Will Oil and Water Mix together well in a basic condition Therefor You Need to add lime mud Because It Will Increase Alkalinity and Improvement emulsion .

• Add wetting agent - if condition The Mud Is So Bad , The wetting agents Will Be required.

• If You Have So Much Calcium Chloride of contamination , "should you dilute your System with fresh water to Reduce Overall Chloride concentration and add more Emulsifiers to Improve mud emulsion .

 

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Thursday, June 16, 2011

pH in the drilling mud

PH is a value representing the concentration of hydrogen ions in the liquid. We use it to indicate the acidity or alkalinity of the drilling mud in particular water-based mud .General talk pH. The pH is presented in a numerical value (0-14) which means an inverse measure of the concentration of hydrogen in the liquid.

 

 

The pH formula I listed below ;

 

pH =-log10 [ H ]

 

Where: H Is The hydrogen ion concentration in mol .

 

According To The formulation pH , hydrogen atoms present The More , The More acidity of substance IS But The pH DECREASE valve . In general, The pH of 7 means clustering neutral . Fluids With A Above pH 7 are regarded as alkaline . However, With The Fluid pH below 7 are acidic have defined \ .

 

In the drilling mud , There Are Three hand chantiers chemical components of drilling fluid in Alkalinity bicarbonate ions Which are ( HCO 3 -), hydroxyl ions ( OH- ) and carbonate ions ( CO 3 -2). As You May Not Know About Quelle est la Alkalinity . The ion Alkalinity Means That Will Reduce the acidity .

 

So have to get Accurate measurements For the pH , You Need to use a pH meter INSTEAD of using a pH paper Because It Can Give You More Accurate figures . However,You Need to lifesaving The pH meters Should Be Calibrated frequently .

 

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Troubleshooting with great loss of liquid in oil based mud

 
Those following you demonstrate that you have a problem with fluid loss control.
1. Low electrical stability - Your drilling mud is not good emulsion.
2. High API fluid loss or high HTHP fluid loss - These tests indicate that you certainly do not have the right property fluid loss. In addition, you can see that there is water in the filtrate as well.
 
Why this happens?
 
1. Low fluid loss control additive - Without loss of control enough liquid chemical, you can get a high volume of fluid loss test.
2. low emulsifier - In your mud system, you might not have a concentration emulsifier enough to keep the mud in good shape. OBM should have good electrical stability (ES) over 700.
3. High temperature wellbore - Well drilling more temperate tends to deteriorate the sludge in several aspects, particularly the loss of control fluid.
 
How this is solved?
 
1. Add more fluid loss additive - Agents fluid loss will help create good filter cakes and reduce fluid loss . When you consider adding this additive , you must ensure that each chemical you add can keep the temperature down hole, otherwise you will lose your effort .
2. Add more emulsifier - Since emulsion is not fit , you must add more emulsifier and you can consider taking the time to shear the mud . You know you're having a good mud emulsion by testing the electrical stability (ES).
3. Add more lime -oil and water will mix well in a basic state must then add lime, because it will increase the alkalinity of the mud and improve emulsion .

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Read MoreTroubleshooting with great loss of liquid in oil based mud

Wednesday, June 15, 2011

Pm (phenolphthalein alkalinity mud filtrate) Mf (methyl orange end point alkalinity mud filtrate)

Pf represents the alkalinity of the phenolphthalein mud filtrate. Pf is different from Pm, because it tests the affect of bases and salts do. However, Pm includes the effect of both dissolved and undissolved salts and bases in the drilling mud .

 

 

Mf represents the end point of methyl orange alkalinity of the mud filtrate and the definition of alkalinity to methyl orange is the acid amount used to reduce the pH to 4.3 . According to the API test, you'll see Pm, Pf and Mf are displayed in the report of sludge per day and all amounts are expressed in cubic centimeters of 0.02 N sulfuric acid per cubic centimeter of fluid sample drilling.

 

Pf and Mf tests are based mud filtrate that will help us know the ions in the drilling mud.

 

Let me explain each case and what it means as follows;

 

First case: if you see that the Pf and Mf are roughly the same, the ions (hydroxyl ions) is the major contributor to the alkalinity of the mud.

 

Second case: if you have any bicarbonate ions (), The test results indicates that the FP is low but the high Mf.

 

Third case: if you see two numbers (Pf and Mf) are high, it means you have carbonate ions () In the system.

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Tuesday, June 14, 2011

Total Hardness Water hardness or water-based mud

"Total hardness" or "hardness" is a measure of calcium (Ca2) and magnesium (Mg 2 +) ions in water-based mud . The total of both soluble ions of calcium (Ca2) and magnesium (Mg 2 +) is given by titration with standard solution Vesenate.

 

 

What will happen if you have a lot of total hardness in your drilling mud?

• Bad sludge cake ( thick and spongy )

• High fluid loss

Flocculation • clay content

• Less effective polymer

• Chemical Treatment Ineffective

 

For Most Of The Water base mud , The acceptable value of total hardness Must Be below300 mg / L . However, if you use lime mud , You Can accept a High Value Which Should Be Kept below 400 mg / L .

 

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Methylene blue test (MBT) in water-based mud

Methylene blue test (MBT) or cation exchange capacity is used to determine the amount of reactive clay (clay minerals) in water-based mud. Dye methylene blue (cationic dye) is used for this test because it powerfully magnetized negative ions in the clay. Typically, the test is shown as a function of the concentration of reactive clay in pounds per barrel, equivalent bentonite.
 
 
Even as other properties of the mud, you need to keep track of MBT and observed for changes in trend. If you have seen an increase of MBT, it indicates that the concentration of solids in the drilling mud drilling increases. For proper operation of drilling, MBT should be maintained at 15 pounds per barrel or less.

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Monday, June 13, 2011

Chloride content in water based mud

Chloride from salt in training, and we can determine the concentration of chloride by titration with a solution of silver nitrate. The amount of chloride should be checked frequently. If you see changes in the chloride content, it can be indications of drilling in a saline formation, or to take the influx of water in reservoirs.

 

 

Why do we keep the amount of chloride in the drilling fluids?

Chloride is used to prevent a problem shale swelling.

 

How can we maintain?

We can maintain the chloride content in the drilling fluid by adding salts such as potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium chloride (NaCl). If you use pKClssium chloride (KCl), you must have enough potassium ions to react with the clay content of the training. In general, the minimum 3% KCl should be a good number to start. However, you may need to increase the concentration of KCl if you are drilling in formations containing many reactive clay content.

 

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Low solids non-dispersed drilling mud (USS)

Drilling mud low solids non-dispersed (LSND) is another type of water-based mud and is used to improve the cleaning ability and hole penetration. For example, if you can not get good performance of mud to the normal water or basic spud mud , you may want to try this mud. T he basic component of the LSND is composed of fresh water, gelling material (bentonite), caustic soda, soda ash, and flocculants.

 

 

To use this mud, you need to add more chemicals to prolong the clay formation performance thus total solids decrease. According to statistics from many places, it proves that the sludge improves the overall rate of penetration. What's more, using appropriate chemical solvents (polymer) will improve efficiency because the withdrawal solid polymer in the chemical industry will flocculate drill solids (cuttings).

 

Additionally, you will have indirect benefits by using this system of drilling fluid. For instant, You Will Reduce wear on surface equipment and pump share Because You Can Efficiently remove a lot of outrelid dren from The System . If you do not have much solid abrasive cutting through mud, you'll be able to prolong life bits. These two benefits will save you much time and money for the initiation and maintenance of surface facilities.MoreOver, using the LSND will also reduce the instability of shale, because the mud will not react with clay.

 

The disadvantage of the low solids non-dispersed drilling fluid is that it is very sensitive to chemical contamination. Cl-1, CO32-, HCO3-, and Ca 2 will change the ownership of the mud. What's more, you must also keep in mind that if you treat badly or add too much mud bentonite or barite, it causes the mud in bad condition.

 

I just want to give simple instructions on how to deal with chemical contaminants in the mud LSND.

 

Ca 2 + : Dealing with soda

Cl - : Apply by dilution with water

Read MoreLow solids non-dispersed drilling mud (USS)